Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 16 (week ending 24 April 2022)
Updated 16 January 2023
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2022/11 | 2022/12 | 2022/13 | 2022/14 | 2022/15 | 2022/16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 19 | 19 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 20 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 4 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 2 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 14 | 12 | 7 | 21 | 12 | 8 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 2 |
| Borrelia tillae | 3 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 24 | 14 | 30 | 22 | 39 | 9 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 258 | 270 | 229 | 212 | 192 | 155 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 582 | 626 | 691 | 555 | 769 | 564 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 33 | 26 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 58 | 82 | 75 | 64 | 89 | 59 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| SARS coronavirus | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 161 | 146 | 113 | 159 | 142 | 87 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 50 | 45 | 54 | 545 | 44 | 35 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 472,787 | 486,003 | 385,044 | 231,224 | 162,312 | 109,974 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 2,057 | 2,058 | 1,980 | 1,647 | 1,619 | 1,232 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 1,309 | 1,272 | 1,095 | 1,026 | 1,083 | 849 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 3,552 | 3,525 | 2,611 | 2,924 | 2,969 | 2,717 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody negative | 174 | 83 | 32 | 25 | 14 | 19 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody positive | 25 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 6 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 1,842 | 1,721 | 1,580 | 7,048 | 1,265 | 1,038 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 5,220 | 4,835 | 7,193 | 7,301 | 3,575 | 3,526 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | - | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 17 | 17 | 18 | 22 | 14 | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 19 | 15 | 20 | 17 | 40 | 61 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 8 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 41 | 39 | 41 | 29 | 29 | 24 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 6 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 16 | 11 |
| Hepatitis B | 168 | 143 | 185 | 136 | 199 | 152 |
| Hepatitis C | 385 | 268 | 460 | 321 | 342 | 353 |
| Hepatitis D | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 19 | 27 | 27 | 17 | 32 | 20 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 698 | 789 | 1,057 | 912 | 1,105 | 739 |
| Influenza B | 134 | 37 | 122 | 47 | 43 | 13 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 5 | - | 9 | 13 | 46 | 18 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella pneumophila | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Legionella sp | - | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 10 | 2 | 1 | - | 5 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 81 | 61 | 74 | 52 | 48 | 47 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 9 | 13 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 10 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Mumps virus | 2 | - | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | 2 |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 23 | 32 | 32 | 21 | 37 | 24 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 4 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 1 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 45 | 41 | 36 | 35 | 28 | 14 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 18 | 14 | 17 | 22 | 11 | 5 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | 5 | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella salamae | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 25 | 7 | 22 | 23 | 73 | 92 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 8 | 13 | 23 | 13 | 20 | 7 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 41 | 29 | 26 | 32 | 18 | 9 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 20 | 15 | 17 | 10 | 9 | 8 |
| Shigella sonnei | 8 | 8 | 19 | 6 | 11 | 6 |
| Shigella sp | 29 | 19 | 26 | 38 | 45 | 33 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 26 | 45 | 50 | 32 | 40 | 43 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 81 | 111 | 91 | 89 | 99 | 100 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: The numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2022/11 | 2022/12 | 2022/13 | 2022/14 | 2022/15 | 2022/16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | KPC | - | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | KPC | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 4 | - | 3 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | - | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter gergoviae | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: The numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2022/11 | 2022/12 | 2022/13 | 2022/14 | 2022/15 | 2022/16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de- duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.