Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 28 (week ending 14 July 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/23 | 2024/24 | 2024/25 | 2024/26 | 2024/27 | 2024/28 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 20 | 22 | 13 | 18 | 32 | 21 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 384 | 500 | 360 | 300 | 227 | 189 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 26 | 24 | 46 | 33 | 35 | 41 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Brucella sp | 6 | - | 3 | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 56 | 35 | 53 | 45 | 51 | 42 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 436 | 362 | 363 | 397 | 332 | 284 |
| Campylobacter lari | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,726 | 1,450 | 1,463 | 1,390 | 1,422 | 1,281 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 37 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 42 | 31 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 50 | 60 | 60 | 43 | 43 | 33 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 106 | 93 | 140 | 79 | 55 | 38 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | 6 | - | 2 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 2,220 | 2,258 | 3,085 | 3,291 | 2,984 | 3,350 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 71 | 52 | 56 | 89 | 59 | 65 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 21 | 58 | 21 | 13 | 9 | 20 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 118 | 371 | 131 | 103 | 151 | 98 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 10 | 30 | 20 | 16 | 6 | 24 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 54 | 52 | 56 | 58 | 66 | 86 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 22 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 10 | 9 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 59 | 47 | 45 | 40 | 33 | 19 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 38 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 28 | 63 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | - | 2 | - | 2 | 1 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 15 | 14 | 23 | 18 | 11 | 8 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 8 | 1 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 2 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia sp | 111 | 106 | 118 | 112 | 86 | 90 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 55 | 85 | 59 | 65 | 68 | 71 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 24 | 9 | 15 | 26 | 16 | 9 |
| Hepatitis B | 332 | 310 | 320 | 349 | 349 | 255 |
| Hepatitis C | 292 | 274 | 240 | 252 | 248 | 343 |
| Hepatitis D | 9 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 6 |
| Hepatitis E | 35 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 21 | 26 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 134 | 124 | 144 | 156 | 131 | 149 |
| Influenza B | 83 | 70 | 63 | 48 | 38 | 37 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 3 | 7 | 2 | - | 3 | 1 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Legionella other named | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 7 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 8 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 108 | 103 | 115 | 104 | 95 | 66 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 19 | 36 | 23 | 13 | 12 | 23 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 4 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 61 | 56 | 40 | 60 | 71 | 48 |
| Mumps virus | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 6 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 1 | 6 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 1 | 5 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 52 | 39 | 56 | 45 | 52 | 45 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 4 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 11 | 11 | 16 | 23 | 8 | 17 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 86 | 63 | 72 | 59 | 53 | 36 |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | - | - | 7 | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 66 | 76 | 83 | 75 | 58 | 16 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | - | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 16 | 5 | 6 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 5 | - | 6 | 9 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 19 | 13 | 37 | 41 | 104 | 182 |
| Salmonella stanley | 6 | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 20 | 12 | 15 | 9 | 15 | - |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 48 | 46 | 50 | 33 | 29 | 13 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 3 | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 19 | 7 | 22 | 21 | 13 | 5 |
| Shigella sonnei | 23 | 27 | 32 | 20 | 11 | 15 |
| Shigella sp | 64 | 58 | 62 | 51 | 47 | 67 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 65 | 63 | 63 | 50 | 72 | 52 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 107 | 88 | 102 | 99 | 94 | 77 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/23 | 2024/24 | 2024/25 | 2024/26 | 2024/27 | 2024/28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 8 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 10 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Enterobacter other named | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 5 | 4 | 6 | 4 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 8 | 13 | 7 | 8 | 10 |
| Ìý | NDM | 11 | 12 | 23 | 14 | 17 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 18 | 24 | 15 | 24 | 17 | 4 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 10 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 21 | 5 |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 5 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 11 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Kluyvera | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Kluyvera spp | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/23 | 2024/24 | 2024/25 | 2024/26 | 2024/27 | 2024/28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas monteilli | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |