Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 49 (week ending 8 December 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
1. Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/44 | 2024/45 | 2024/46 | 2024/47 | 2024/48 | 2024/49 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 13 | 14 | 21 | 25 | 21 | 14 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 53 | 39 | 28 | 31 | 48 | 26 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 51 | 40 | 18 | 34 | 26 | 25 |
| Borrelia sp | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 11 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Brucella sp | - | 7 | 1 | - | 4 | - |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 54 | 42 | 30 | 35 | 31 | 35 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 410 | 393 | 332 | 358 | 305 | 221 |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 5 | - | 1 | 3 | - |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,383 | 1,122 | 1,126 | 1,019 | 932 | 1,003 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | 1 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 52 | 33 | 21 | 25 | 38 | 46 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 33 | 30 | 27 | 42 | 37 | 68 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 95 | 78 | 50 | 35 | 36 | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | 2 | 16 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 2,372 | 1,592 | 1,135 | 1,206 | 1,057 | 1,210 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 97 | 82 | 78 | 94 | 115 | 72 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 28 | 10 | 16 | 13 | 15 | 9 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 144 | 103 | 92 | 131 | 88 | 94 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 4 | 20 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 10 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 51 | 44 | 32 | 39 | 26 | 48 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 42 | 33 | 16 | 4 | 6 | 3 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 73 | 67 | 30 | 26 | 27 | 21 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 43 | 45 | 72 | 85 | 109 | 104 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 21 | 10 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 2 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 5 |
| Francisella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Francisella tularensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia sp | 128 | 96 | 95 | 127 | 110 | 101 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 68 | 76 | 69 | 70 | 73 | 65 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 14 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 21 |
| Hepatitis B | 358 | 279 | 314 | 306 | 287 | 249 |
| Hepatitis C | 350 | 261 | 265 | 278 | 274 | 246 |
| Hepatitis D | 13 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 5 |
| Hepatitis E | 47 | 34 | 35 | 32 | 31 | 37 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 1,464 | 836 | 1,081 | 1,864 | 3,289 | 5,573 |
| Influenza B | 140 | 77 | 111 | 122 | 155 | 233 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 24 | 16 | 20 | 39 | 96 | 179 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 11 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
| Legionella sp | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 102 | 112 | 76 | 76 | 82 | 70 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 35 | 50 | 46 | 38 | 41 | 25 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus positive | 20 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 24 | 7 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 24 | 20 | 34 | 18 | 31 | 29 |
| Mumps virus | 8 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 3 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | 10 | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 66 | 64 | 40 | 60 | 54 | 59 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 6 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 22 | 16 | 22 | 7 | 20 | 13 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia sp | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 4 | - | 2 | 4 | - | 3 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 61 | 72 | 65 | 71 | 39 | 32 |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 118 | 79 | 92 | 55 | 22 | 10 |
| Salmonella java | 6 | 6 | 12 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella mikawasima | 25 | 9 | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 9 | - |
| Salmonella panama | - | 6 | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 32 | 22 | 37 | 26 | 74 | 136 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 6 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 36 | 42 | 29 | 43 | 20 | 8 |
| Salmonella virchow | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | 10 | 5 | 6 | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 21 | 15 | 26 | 25 | 11 | 13 |
| Shigella sonnei | 34 | 23 | 27 | 34 | 17 | 20 |
| Shigella sp | 67 | 70 | 75 | 70 | 46 | 76 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 39 | 50 | 52 | 41 | 49 | 59 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 137 | 138 | 109 | 129 | 156 | 187 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 4 | 2 | - | 4 | - |
2. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/44 | 2024/45 | 2024/46 | 2024/47 | 2024/48 | 2024/49 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 4 | 3 | 7 | 6 | - | 2 |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 9 | 4 | 14 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | - | - | 4 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 12 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 23 | 15 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 2 | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 10 | 14 | 13 | 6 | 14 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 9 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 4 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp ozenae | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other leclercia spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea septica | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Providencia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Providencia stuartii | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
3. Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/44 | 2024/45 | 2024/46 | 2024/47 | 2024/48 | 2024/49 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |