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Introduction

Lived experience initiatives and recovery support services

Lived experience initiatives and recovery support services (RSS) support people in recovery and their families and benefit the wider community. They offer practical and emotional support to meet a person鈥檚 needs and build on their strengths.

厂辞尘别听RSS聽are delivered by treatment providers, some by lived experience recovery organisations (LEROs), and some by a combination of both. For more about聽LEROs, see the 鈥楾he role of LEROs鈥� section below.

RSS help individuals and their families to connect to wider communities of people in recovery, and in so doing help them to sustain and develop their recovery in the long term.

Why we need this guidance

Clinical guidance and good practice guidelines have highlighted the evidence for and value of peer support and recovery support in treatment systems. This includes a range of guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and other government agencies (for more details of these, see 鈥楶art 4: glossary and resources鈥�). These show why local areas should focus on lived experience initiatives and RSS.

The clinical and good practice guidance聽focuses on peer support, self-help, community support networks and mutual aid for people in treatment and in early recovery.

However, information about these issues was disparate and this guidance brings comprehensive information into one place. The focus is on support for people who are at any stage of recovery, including people who have never accessed treatment.

This guidance does not replace any of the other existing clinical and good practice guidance, but the scope and depth of this guidance is not available elsewhere.

Terminology about lived experience

Language used to describe terms related to lived experience can be inconsistent and confusing. So, we have defined 2 main relevant terms below. Other terms used in this guidance are defined in the glossary.

Lived experience initiatives

In this guidance, we describe any service and support that people with lived and living experience are involved in delivering or leading as lived experience initiatives. Where a treatment (or other service) provider employs peer support workers or volunteers, the projects or support聽that they provide are peer-delivered. We describe the services and support provided by a聽LERO聽as peer-led.

The self-help movement has become increasingly popular over the last 20 years, especially in the USA and the UK. But this has sometimes led to activities that are described as peer-led, when in fact peers are not in control, and in some cases their involvement is limited. The American psychologist Keith Humphreys has argued that 鈥渂uzzwords are far less important in differentiating self-help organizations from professional [treatment provider-led] interventions than the bread-and-butter reality of who has power within the organization鈥� (Humphreys, 2004).

Living experience and lived experience

Where people are currently affected by their own or a family member鈥檚 problem alcohol or drug use, we describe this as living experience. Where people and families are in recovery from problem alcohol or drug use, we describe this as lived experience. This is distinct from learned experience, which people can get through studying, practicing or exposure. People can, and typically do, have a mixture of both living or lived experience and learned experience.

Supporting people in recovery

Recovering from problem alcohol and drug use

What a person needs to support them in recovery is not very different from what every person needs to feel healthy and safe, such as meaningful activity, having friends and family that support you and living in a secure home. To overcome problem alcohol and drug use, people need to address their alcohol and drug use and create a life that is no longer built around it. To support people to do this, we need to develop and support cultures of recovery that provide alternative communities and activities that can offer lifelong support.

Recovery has a positive effect on individual people and those closest to them. It also has a positive impact on society. A UK survey of addiction recovery experiences found this includes reduced pressures on health, social and justice services and improved productivity (Best and others, 2015). Recovery is not only about stopping problem drug and alcohol use and other behaviour, but also about wellbeing and making a positive contribution to society. For example, the survey found that people in recovery are twice as likely to volunteer as other members of the public.

A UK survey of life in recovery for families found that families affected by problem alcohol and drug use can both promote and support recovery and benefit from their family member鈥檚 recovery (Edwards and others, 2018).

Drug and alcohol treatment services

Drug and alcohol treatment services primarily support people to:

• reduce harm
• stabilise, reduce and in some cases stop problem alcohol and drug use
• promote recovery, including assertively engaging people with recovery support services and communities

A person鈥檚 initial treatment and recovery care plan typically involves reducing, or abstaining from, alcohol or drug use. From the outset, care plans should also seek to identify and build upon a person鈥檚 recovery capital to support positive outcomes from treatment.

National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) community adult business definitions for core data set R聽(available at the ) define the recovery support interventions provided while someone is in treatment, or after they leave treatment, as:

a range of non-structured interventions that run alongside or after structured treatment and are designed to reinforce the gains made in structured treatment and improve the client鈥檚 quality of life in general. Recovery support can include (but is not limited to) mutual aid and peer support, practical help such as housing or employment support and onward relevant referrals to services.

Treatment interventions can start the process of building recovery capital.

Recovery support services

RSS primarily support people to sustain their recovery in the community long term. These services help people to build on their strengths including the gains made in treatment if they have accessed it. This includes support to deepen their connection to recovery communities and the wider community.

When someone has made the changes they want to their alcohol or drug use, and is in early recovery, recovery support services give more focus to further developing their recovery capital and recovery identity. This can:

• increase a person鈥檚 resilience to relapse
• optimise a person鈥檚 wellbeing
• help grow recovery communities

When people in recovery form a community, it makes recovery more visible and so can inspire other people. This has been described in research as the 鈥榮ocial contagion of hope鈥� (Best and Lubman, 2012).

What we mean by recovery

Different definitions of recovery

People鈥檚 experiences of problem alcohol and drug use and recovery are personal and complex, so people鈥檚 recovery journeys and definitions of recovery differ. Definitions of recovery have traditionally included abstinence as a necessary condition (Witkiewitz and others, 2020). Research and contemporary definitions identify 2 core aspects of recovery (Kelly and Hoeppner, 2014). These are:

• overcoming problem alcohol and drug use
• building the resources (personal, social and community) that are necessary to start and sustain recovery, also known as 鈥榬ecovery capital鈥�

Some researchers have cautioned against definitions of recovery that 鈥渞equire superhuman changes鈥� (Witkiewitz and others, 2020) and 鈥渇ail to take into account the differences in the normative and social contexts of people鈥檚 lives鈥� (Lancaster, 2017). This means that while we must support people to be ambitious for their recovery, we should not expect everyone to aspire to reach the same end point.

Recovery capital

Recovery capital (Granfield and Cloud, 1999) is described as:

the breadth and depth of internal and external resources that can be drawn upon to initiate and sustain recovery from alcohol and other drug problems.

It takes 3 different forms (White and Cloud, 2008), which are as follows:

• personal capital: examples of this include safe and secure accommodation, physical and mental health and wellbeing, and opportunities to develop skills and experience such as employment, training and education
• social capital: examples of this include peer support, and family, friends, social networks and opportunities that support recovery
• community capital: examples of this include recovery-supportive community attitudes, services and resources such as non-stigmatising attitudes in the broader community, treatment services and other services and supports

The quality and quantity of recovery capital that a person is able to gain is vital to them promoting and sustaining recovery.

Recovery support at different stages

The intensity, duration and type of recovery support people require at different stages differs between individuals (Best and others, 2019).

The first 90 days after someone leaves treatment are a particularly vulnerable time for people (Darke and others, 2007). found that between half and two-thirds of people receiving treatment will relapse within a year of leaving treatment and relapse risk remains high during the early years of recovery. The earlier someone who relapses returns to treatment, the more likely they are to sustain recovery and the less likely they are to die (Scott and others, 2011).

Research has identified ongoing support including positive connections and engagement with peers as particularly important in early recovery (Best and others, 2017).

Factors influencing recovery

Some important factors that help people to start and sustain recovery are:

• positive social networks
• peer support groups, including mutual aid
• engaging in meaningful activity
• religion and spirituality
• supportive family relationships
• healthy environments and access to community resources

We explain more about each of these below.

Social networks

Social networks that support recovery are seen as particularly important due to the 鈥榮ocial contagion of hope鈥� (Best and Lubman, 2012) and the related idea that 鈥榬ecovery is contagious鈥� (Moos and Moos, 2007). Learning from other people in recovery and connecting with them is associated with improved recovery outcomes.

Evidence suggests that adding just one abstinent person to the social network of someone in recovery from alcohol increases by 27% the likelihood that they will be abstinent in a year compared to standard aftercare (see definition of aftercare in the glossary) (Litt and others, 2007). These findings suggest that interventions that grow people鈥檚 social networks to support recovery can improve outcomes.

Peer support groups including mutual aid

In peer support groups, people can help each other to sustain their individual recovery and strengthen their sense of purpose and direction. This can happen informally and organically with friends and family members, or formally through projects, services and support groups as volunteers or workers (Humphreys, 2004).

Mutual aid groups are independent, self-regulating, volunteer-run groups led by and made up of people who share a common experience - in this case, their own or someone else鈥檚 alcohol and drug use or dependence. They provide help through volunteer-led group meetings and peer-to-peer support between meetings.

Engaging in meaningful activity

When a person increases the amount of meaningful activity they take part in, this has been linked to an increase in their recovery capital and improved wellbeing (Cano and others, 2017). This meaningful activity includes:

• attending groups and social activities
• informally supporting other people
• formal volunteering, including peer support roles
• training and education
• paid employment

Religion and spirituality

Religious faith and spirituality are important to some people鈥檚 recovery journeys. This includes people returning to old or adopting new religious or spiritual practices.

Family

Three-quarters of respondents to a 2024 survey of people in recovery in the UK credited family members as playing a significant role in their recovery. Respondents reported family members providing emotional support, housing, caring for children and financial support. For more information, see the report 鈥楢bove and beyond: the key role that families play in recovery鈥� on the .

Healthy environments and access to community resources

Healthy environments can include a person鈥檚 home and other places where they spend their time. Someone in recovery can improve their wellbeing and increase their recovery capital if they:

• are living in a home or neighbourhood where they feel safe
• can avoid coming into contact with problem alcohol or drug use
• have access to a range of community resources that can help their recovery (including outside spaces, community centres and workplaces)

How recovery-oriented systems of care support recovery

Recovery communities are networks of people in recovery, their families and friends, recovery-focused organisations and support groups.

Recovery-oriented system of care

The support offered by treatment services and by recovery support services can be vital to a person鈥檚 recovery. The interaction of both services and the local community contributes to the effectiveness of a recovery-oriented system of care (ROSC).

A ROSC is a network of local services and community groups that help people to start and sustain their recovery. It incorporates the insight and work of people with lived and living experience and their families at all levels of planning and delivery to:

• offer choice by providing a flexible and inclusive menu of services, community support and opportunities, including lived experience initiatives, recognising that there are many pathways to recovery
• provide a range of responsive and inclusive support and opportunities for people in recovery and their families
• build on the strengths and resilience of individuals, families, recovery communities and the wider community

The roles of treatment and recovery support services in a ROSC are not entirely distinct or separate, nor do or should they operate solely within the definitions given here. In an effective ROSC, the relationships between treatment and recovery support services:

• are strong
• have diverse access (and re-access) points into treatment and recovery support
• have a varied and complementary offer of support

This relationship between treatment and RSS will often blur the boundaries of operation. For example, there will be times when a treatment worker will carry out significant recovery support work as part of a person鈥檚 treatment and recovery care plan and that person has no wish to engage with RSS. Similarly, RSS and lived experience initiatives can play a vital role in providing harm reduction services to vulnerable people who are not accessing treatment. There are pathways to recovery that do not involve treatment services at all.

The distinct and shared roles of specialist services in delivering recovery-oriented care

Figure 1: the distinct and shared roles of treatment services, recovery support services and lived experience initiatives in delivering recovery-oriented care

Figure 1 is a Venn diagram that outlines the roles of treatment services, RSS and LEROs by highlighting the core function of each, and the overlaps between their functions in the provision of recovery-oriented care. It can help you see the distinct and shared functions of each service type and how these services can improve care for people affected by problem alcohol or drug use, by working together. It does not provide an exhaustive list of all the interventions provided by each service type. The 3 circles represent:

• treatment services
• RSS
• LEROs

The diagram provides a simple description of each service type鈥檚 core function in delivering recovery-oriented care, as follows:

• treatment services support people to stabilise and reduce their alcohol and drug use and promote recovery
• RSS support people to sustain their recovery
• LEROs support people to promote and sustain their recovery

Each of the overlapping parts of these circles provide a simple description of some of the main interventions that can be delivered by 2 or more of these service types. Where 2 circles intersect, we list the core interventions delivered by both services.

Treatment services and LEROs provide outreach, engagement and harm reduction interventions.

Treatment services and RSS provide continuing care.

LEROs and RSS provide:

• peer-based recovery support services
• recovery community centres
• recovery housing
• recovery support services in educational settings

In the centre where all 3 circles intersect, we list the interventions delivered by all 3 service types. These are:

• re-engagement
• harm reduction
• peer support
• recovery check-ups
• facilitated access to mutual aid
• connections to recovery community
• connections to community resources

The dotted lines around each circle signify that it should be easy for a person to access any of these specialist services at any time, and that the services should work together to support people to access other specialist and non-specialist alcohol and drug services that would benefit them.

How specialist and non-specialist services work together to deliver recovery-oriented care

Figure 2: how specialist alcohol and drug treatment and recovery services and non-specialist services are embedded in the communities they support in an effective ROSC

Figure 2 shows how specialist alcohol and drug treatment and recovery services and non-specialist services are embedded in the communities they support in an effective ROSC. This diagram follows on from figure 1. Like figure 1, there are 3 circles that represent treatment services, RSS and LEROs. Around these specialist services, the diagram shows the main non-specialist services that can support treatment and recovery outcomes. These are:

• employment, education, training and volunteering
• housing support
• mental and physical health services including primary care
• criminal justice services
• social care and welfare support services

Dotted lines between the specialist and non-specialist services are used to represent the need for interconnectivity between all services that can play a key role in supporting someone to reduce harm and recover from problem alcohol and drug use.

How the wider community can promote recovery

The final outer layer of figure 2 represents the wider community and the factors in it that can promote and inhibit recovery. These factors are represented here by the and the . These are:

• connect
• be active
• take notice
• keep learning
• give

These 5 actions are used to represent the wide range of services, support and opportunities available to people in a thriving community. For example, this includes opportunities to keep learning through libraries and give back through volunteering.

The blue dotted line in figure 2 shows how both specialist and non-specialist services should be embedded within communities that have many of the factors that enable recovery and that where these are community resources they should be supported to thrive. In an effective ROSC, system partners work together to ensure that there are multiple ways for a person to engage or re-engage with support and improve their health, wellbeing and social functioning.

The role of peer support

How peer support helps

Research shows that peer support is potentially useful at any stage of a treatment and recovery journey (Stack and others, 2022) and that it can help people to:

• reduce harm
• engage in support and start treatment
• sustain recovery

The same research found that peers can offer the people they support a strong sense of personal connection, encouragement and hope, through participating in purposeful activity (Stack and others, 2022).

The lived experience of a peer volunteer or worker helps to overcome the power difference that often exists in the relationship between a clinician and the person they are supporting (Collins and others, 2019). Peer support also links people into the recovery community and its recovery-supportive social networks and other kinds of support. It benefits not only individuals but also the recovery community and wider community when people offer peer support to each other.

Where peer support is available

Peer-delivered and peer-led interventions have been described and evaluated in a wide range of settings. This includes in:

• treatment services
• lived experience recovery organisations
• the community
• medical settings, such as hospitals and detoxification units
• perinatal services
• primary care
• homeless settings
• the criminal justice system

Peer support has been used at various stages of the treatment and recovery journey. Data from NDTMS shows that 17% of people in treatment accessed peer support involvement for at least 6 months during 2023 to 2024.

Adult community treatment services reporting to NDTMS can also now report referrals:

• into treatment by peer-led initiatives
• to peer-led initiatives by treatment services

These data items are intended to help track the pathways between treatment services and LEROs. These routes will be active in an effective ROSC. There are definitions of these data items in the NDTMS community adult聽business definitions.

Brief interventions delivered by peers

Brief interventions delivered by peers have been shown to support treatment and recovery outcomes (Bernstein and others, 2005). Research also suggests that a single peer-delivered brief intervention can:

• significantly reduce heroin and cocaine use in people presenting to a hospital walk-in clinic (Bernstein and others, 2005)
• increase the rates of detoxification completion and reduce the rates of discharge against medical advice (Blondell and others, 2008)
• increase attendance at mutual aid groups (Manning and others, 2012)
• significantly increase the likelihood of abstinence at follow up (Manning and others, 2012)

Peer support and treatment

There is evidence that peer support delivered alongside standard treatment can improve outcomes. For example, one randomised controlled trial (RCT) looked at a peer-delivered intervention that was delivered to people with complex needs alongside alcohol and drug treatment. The intervention focused on:

• community connectedness
• problem solving
• life skills
• increasing positive social networks

The RCT found that this type of intervention reduced a person鈥檚 alcohol use after a year by more than treatment alone did but did not reduce a person鈥檚 drug use by more than treatment alone (Rowe and others, 2007).

Peer support and harm reduction

Some recent peer support research has focused on harm reduction, widening access to opioid substitution treatment and digital innovations. This has been largely driven by the opioid crisis in North America and the need to find effective ways to reduce harm and prevent death. This research has focused on peer support roles that:

• refer people from emergency departments into specialist treatment after a non-fatal overdose and offer continued support and harm reduction interventions like naloxone (Ashford and others, 2019)
• link people into opioid substitution treatment (Gormley and others, 2021)
• engage people at overdose prevention sites (Kennedy and others, 2019)

Peer support benefits the person providing it

Peer support roles not only benefit the person receiving support but also the person providing it (Du Plessis and others, 2019). This is a foundational principle in the 12-step fellowship model, in which people acting as sponsors not only help others with their recovery, but in doing so strengthen their own recovery. The benefits for people in peer support roles can include:

• the good feeling they get from seeing other people benefit from their input
• increased confidence and self-esteem
• increased stability and structure
• increased income, where appropriate
• an opportunity to gain workplace skills
• increased recovery capital for individuals and communities

Challenges for people providing peer support

There are also challenges for people working in peer support roles. These include:

• unclear job descriptions, indistinct role boundaries and limited understanding of peer support roles across teams (Englander and others, 2019)
• becoming integrated into hierarchical structures in the workplace (Englander and others, 2019)
• stigma and discrimination, including devaluing of their lived experience compared to acquired learned experience (Englander and others, 2019; Stack and others, 2022)
• fast-paced work with high demands and the risk of emotional strain and stress (Collins and others, 2019)
• no or poor supervision (Englander and others, 2019; Stack and others, 2022), support including coping with triggers to alcohol and drug use, role support, maintaining boundaries and training (Englander and others, 2019; Greer and others, 2021)
• low pay and the related view that peer support roles require less skill and deliver less benefits than treatment workers do (Gagne and others, 2018; Stack and others, 2022)
• lack of clear career pathways and training and development models (Stack and others, 2022)

The 聽for England reported that peer support workers were:

undertaking the roles and responsibilities of keyworkers, such as conducting initial and comprehensive assessments, developing and supporting treatment and recovery care plans and delivering treatment interventions.

It also reported that training for peer support workers was:

inconsistent鈥� with some [employers] providing detailed internal training packages with multiple modules, including some that are accredited, whereas others reported minimal internal or external training being offered to them in their role.

This plan includes actions for government, service providers, employers and commissioners to develop peer support workers.

The role of LEROs

About LEROs

Peer-led communities, services and supports offer people recovery support in the long term. It is hard to imagine an effective recovery-oriented system of care without any peer-led services and supports.

A lived experience recovery organisation (LERO) is an organisation led by people with lived experience of drug and alcohol recovery. LEROs deliver a range of harm reduction interventions, peer support and recovery support services and they can help people to access and engage in treatment and other support services.

These peer-led initiatives often grow from small local projects delivered by an informal group of people in treatment or recovery, into organisations with formal legal structures and staff and volunteer teams.

We are aware of over 50聽LEROs聽in England working in over 70 local authorities (out of 152), meaning that nearly half of all local authorities have this independent, peer-led provision.

LEROs: what they are

The lived experience leaders who co-developed this guidance describe LEROs as having the following features.

Led by and for people with lived experience

LEROs are independent organisations led by people with lived experience of drug and alcohol recovery, for the benefit of the recovery community and wider community.

Independent and autonomous

LEROs are likely to have multiple funding streams including contracts, grants and donations, so have more autonomy than other service providers. Their independence and autonomy are vital to their ability to respond, evolve and advocate effectively.

Take an asset-based community development approach

These peer-led initiatives are typically set up with little or no funding by people who have accessed (or, in some cases, have struggled to access) treatment and support. This means they are built on local assets and developed in response to community needs, by the community (see definition of asset-based community development in the glossary).

Offer a culture of recovery

LEROs help people to develop a new identity, social network and life, offering an alternative to problem alcohol and drug use.

Agile and innovative

Lived experience leaders are committed to creating change and responding quickly to it. This was particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic when LEROs and mutual aid groups continued to support people by rapidly replacing in-person contact with remote alternatives. This included reaching into prisons and providing peer support to people during their sentence and after release (Best and others, 2022).

Entrepreneurial

LEROs are often started without any formal funding and led by an individual or small group, so are necessarily resourceful and entrepreneurial. This means that they are skilled at identifying and tapping into community resources, including:

• connecting people
• securing in-kind support
• setting up social enterprises

Person-centred

Rather than focusing on alcohol and drug use or treatment outcomes, LEROs focus on supporting personal growth. This includes:

• recognising the needs of people with lived and living experience
• delivering support
• actively checking in on their recovery

Respect different pathways to recovery

Since LEROs are made up of people who have followed different routes into recovery, they recognise and respect each person鈥檚 journey.

Complementary to treatment

As community-based projects with active volunteer teams, LEROs can be well-placed to support people, especially during transitions back into community settings from prison or residential treatment. Delivery models differ widely, but these peer-led initiatives generally provide support that complements the treatment journey and 鈥榖ookends鈥� it by providing support before and after treatment. LEROs typically offer entry points through outreach and in-reach (for example, to people who are rough sleeping, leaving prison or in hospital), and by providing in-treatment support and recovery support.

Accessible and flexible

These peer-led initiatives offer out-of-hours support in the evenings and at weekends when treatment services are normally closed. This out-of-hours support can include in-person and remote one-to-one or group sessions, and helplines. Most LEROs provide outreach and in-reach to people at the point of need. Some more established LEROs have a physical base from where they offer support.

Experts by experience

Peer volunteers and staff bring expertise from their own lived experience. This means that they are well-placed to understand, connect with and help people to sustain recovery.

Diverse and inclusive

As they typically grow in response to local needs, LEROs tend to be diverse and inclusive organisations with reach into the local community. Their asset-based approach means that they often work in partnership with local community organisations and groups such as faith, women鈥檚 and ethnic minority groups. This partnership work can open up pathways between communities and LEROs.

Reducing stigma

These peer-led initiatives model recovery in the community, helping to reduce stigma by showing that recovery from problem alcohol and drug use is possible.

Advocates for people and communities

LEROs use their extensive networks to get a deep understanding of the problems associated with alcohol and drug use and people鈥檚 experiences of treatment and recovery. This means they can speak and advocate for recovery communities.

Involving and supporting families

These peer-led initiatives recognise the importance and power that close relationships, like family and friends, have on recovery. They directly support and involve families and friends in the recovery community. This also supports people to recover.

Skilled in maximising available resource

Due to the way that they are typically established, their infrastructure and their peer-led nature, LEROs can offer support within systems of care by connecting and strengthening available resources. For example, these peer-led initiatives often develop relationships with local businesses that want to support local community members and groups. This can include leisure centres providing free day passes or supermarkets providing donations of stock.

LERO workforce

The 2023 national drug and alcohol treatment and recovery workforce census聽surveyed the workforce, including treatment providers, local authority commissioners and LEROs. However, the LERO findings were based on 30 submissions from LEROs for their work in 26 local authority areas. This means that the findings are not representative of all LEROs.

The findings indicate that at 30 June 2023, the LEROs that responded employed 469 whole time equivalent (WTE) staff, of which 256 WTE (55%) were peer support or development roles. Just under 1 in 3 of these roles were unpaid.

You can find workforce census reports for 2022 and 2023 on NHS England鈥檚 drug and alcohol treatment and recovery .

Lived experience recovery organisations: principles, processes and networks

While LERO models differ, the principles underpinning these peer-led initiatives are shared. The growth of LEROs and recovery communities in the UK has seen cross-sector networks forming. These networks and organisations have identified the shared principles and standards underpinning LEROs.

CLERO: network and map

The聽College of Lived Experience Recovery Organisations (CLERO)聽was started in 2020 by a group of lived experience leaders and supports a network of聽LERO聽members from across the UK. The聽CLERO聽website says it aims to:

build coherence, trust, credibility and consensus for recovery groups and communities based on a model that promotes an evidence-based approach predicated on lived experience.

CLERO聽has developed a聽.

Standards for LEROs

The CLERO further define a LERO community group or provider as offering support that is:

• typically free at the point of access
• directed by and for local residents
• as long as someone needs it
• provided regardless of treatment or recovery status

To maintain its core values, the LERO standards state that a LERO should have or aspire to have as many members with lived experience as possible, specifically:

• its leader, such as group leader, chief executive or director (if there is one)
• more than half of the board of directors or trustees (if there is one)
• 90% of frontline staff and volunteers

The national LERO standards are intended to help LEROs to:

• develop and sustain their model
• review current practice and identify areas for development
• find ways in which to evidence and quality assure practice

The standards comprise 33 statements divided into 4 sections, covering the defining characteristics of LEROs, which are:

• culture and values
• support offer
• staff and volunteers
• operations and management

Standards on culture and values and the support on offer apply to all types of LERO, while standards on staff and volunteers and operations and management apply only to those that have a recognised formal organisational structure.

The CLERO standards also include a more comprehensive definition and identify 3 different types of LERO. These are:

• informal LERO community groups: independent and autonomous peer-led small groups with no formal organisational structure
• constituted but not incorporated LERO community providers: independent and autonomous peer-led constituted groups
• incorporated and regulated LERO community providers: independent and autonomous peer-led organisations that have an incorporated legal structure

FAVOR UK: principles of recovery community organisations

(FAVOR UK) is a national charity made up of people in recovery, their friends, families and recovery community organisations (RCOs). RCOs is an alternative term for LEROs. FAVOR UK builds on the work of (FAVOR) which developed the (ARCO) in the USA.

FAVOR UK runs a UK Association of Recovery Community Organizations (UK ARCO) with a network of RCO members in the UK and has developed a toolkit to support people setting up RCOs, which you can download from their . The UK ARCO identifies the core principles of an RCO as:

• recovery vision: RCOs enhance the support for people seeking recovery and those in long-term recovery, recognising that there are many pathways to recovery
• authenticity of voice: this means that RCOs exist to represent the recovery community. This includes actively involving all members of the recovery community
• accountability to the recovery community: RCOs are usually independent, not-for-profit organisations working with treatment providers and other organisations, but retaining independent governance structures

RCOs also offer opportunities for recovery community members to give back through volunteering and paid work that helps others to sustain recovery. FAVOR UK has described RCOs as using 3 main strategies in line with their core principles. These are:

• undertaking public education and awareness
• advocating for policy change
• delivering peer-based and other recovery support services and activities

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Darke S, Ross J, Mills KL, Williamson A, Havard A and Teesson M.聽. Addictive Behaviors 2007: volume 32, issue 9, pages 1897 to 1906.

Du Plessis C, Whitaker L and Hurley J.聽. Journal of Substance Use 2020: volume 25, issue 3, pages 225 to 230.

Edwards M, Best D, Irving J and Andersson C.聽. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2018: volume 36, issue 4, pages 437 to 458.

Englander H, Gregg J, Gullickson J, Cochran-Dumas O, Colasurdo C, Alla J, Collins D and Nicolaidis C.聽. Substance Abuse 2020: volume 41, issue 4, pages 419 to 424.

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Greer A, Buxton JA, Pauly B and Bungay V.聽. Harm Reduction Journal 2021: volume 18, issue 1, pages 1 to 13.

Gormley MA, Pericot-Valverde I, Diaz L, Coleman A, Lancaster J, Ortiz E, Moschella P, Heo M and Litwin AH.聽. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2021: volume 229.

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Kelly J and Hoeppner B.聽. Addiction Research and Theory 2014: volume 23, issue 1, pages 5 to 9.

Kennedy MC, Boyd J, Mayer S, Collins A, Kerr T and McNeil R.聽. Social Science and Medicine 2019: volume 225, pages 60 to 68.

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Leamy M, Bird V, Le Boutillier C, Williams J and Slade M.聽. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2019: volume 199, issue 6, pages 445 to 452.

Litt MD, Kadden RM, Kabela-Cormier E and Petry N.聽. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007: volume 75, issue 4, pages 542 to 555.

Manning V, Best D, Faulkner N, Titherington E, Morinan A, Keaney F, Gossop M and Strang J.聽. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2012: volume 126, issue 1 to 2, pages 131 to 137.

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